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Renal Anatomy and Embryology

Development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

Male vs female urethral anatomy

Bladder development and urachal remnants

Congenital anomalies (horseshoe kidney, duplex collecting system, renal agenesis, ectopic ureter)

Ascent of kidneys and aberrant vasculature

Derivatives of mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts

Ureteric bud and metanephric blastema interactions

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